Increased liking for a solution is not necessary for the attenuation of neophobia in rats.

Recent evidence suggests that liking and wanting of food rewards can be experimentally dissociated (e.g., Berridge, 1996); this dissociation extends to attenuated neophobia in the present study. Rats tend to eat less of a novel food than a familiar food, a phenomenon called neophobia. The present experiments evaluated whether attenuation of neophobia by prior exposure reflects enhanced liking of the flavor using the Taste Reactivity (TR) test. In Experiment 1, rats given five 10-s TR trials with water or various concentrations of saccharin solution (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%) did not show a change in the number of hedonic reactions displayed across trials. However, in a subsequent consumption test from a bottle containing 0.25% saccharin solution, rats with no prior saccharin exposure (group water) consumed less than rats with prior saccharin exposure; that is they displayed neophobia. In Experiment 2, whether rats received five 10-s TR trials with water or 0.5% saccharin solution, they did not display a difference in hedonic reactions to 0.25% saccharin solution in two 5-min TR test trials. These results suggest that the attenuation of neophobia is evidenced as an increase in the tendency to approach a bottle containing the flavored solution (wanting), but not as an enhanced liking of that solution. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of conditioning method and testing method on strength of lithium-induced taste aversion learning.

Here the authors evaluated the effect of the method of conditioning (bottle or intraoral [IO] infusion) on the strength of a flavor-drug association when measured in a standard 1-bottle consumption test or when measured by IO infusion in a taste reactivity test. When tested with the bottle test in Experiment 1, rats conditioned by bottle displayed stronger taste avoidance than those conditioned by IO infusion. When tested for rejection reactions with the taste reactivity test in Experiment 2, rats conditioned by infusion displayed a stronger aversion than did rats conditioned by bottle. The results suggest that when the contextual cues of conditioning are similar at conditioning and testing, a stronger association is evident regardless of the individual specifics of each method. These results may shed light on recent reports that different neural mechanisms are involved in conditioning by active consumption and passive infusion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Maternal variations in stress reactivity: Implications for harsh parenting practices with very young children.

Although a wide array of variables has been found to predict harsh parenting, less is known about the linkages among these variables. It is suggested here that stress reactivity, as reflected in cortisol changes, is an important mediating variable. In a high-risk population, mothers (N = 60) with low perceived power (as measured by the Parent Attribution Test; D. B. Bugental, J. B. Blue, & M. Cruzcosa, 1989), were highly reactive to infants and toddlers with a difficult temperament pattern. In response to such children, they (a) manifested high cortisol reactivity and (b) reported greater use of harsh control practices (e.g., spanking). Cortisol reactivity was found to mediate the observed relationship between the predictor variable (the interaction between maternal "powerlessness" and the child's temperament) and parental harshness. These findings have clinical implications for the ways in which parental empowerment (via early interventions) can serve to reduce stress and thus the negative outcomes at-risk children may experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A modernized and versatile startup reactivity measuring system installed at NPP Paks and its application for subcritical systems

In 2004 the Hungarian Paks NPP completed a project for upgrading the reactivity measuring system applied during reactor startup experiments. Almost all components of the previous system were replaced, only ex-core ionisation chambers remained unaltered. New hardware and software components were introduced for neutron flux signal handling, for data acquisition, as well as for measurement evaluation and data presentation. High-precision picoamper meters were installed at each reactor unit, current signals are handled by a portable signal processing unit. The system applies an accurate on-line reactivity calculation algorithm based on the point-kinetic model with six delayed neutron groups. Detailed off-line evaluation and analysis of startup measurements can be performed on the portable unit, as well.The paper describes the architecture, data acquisition modules, services and man–machine interface of the new system. Functions and results are illustrated with measured data recorded during a startup of Unit 3. In 2003 and 2004 the RMR was installed and tested at all Paks NPP units successfully and now it is in regular use during unit startups.The second part of the paper illustrates an extension of the new system to perform reactivity measurements using the well-known Rossi-α and Feynman-α statistical methods. The modified system was needed to estimate the reactivity of a subcritical system formed by damaged fuel assemblies stored at the fuel service pit of Paks Unit 2. Theoretical background of the applied algorithms is outlined, then results of validation tests and on site measurements are treated. The measurements have shown that the subcriticality of the damaged fuel was sufficiently deep if the high boron concentration in the fuel service pit was maintained.     

降冰片烯与N-环己基马来酰亚胺自由基共聚合的竞聚率

以偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为引发剂，在65℃下引发降冰片烯（NBE）与N-环已基马来酰亚胺（CHMI）的自由基不开环共聚合反应．用元素分析的方法测定在甲苯和氯仿溶剂中，不同单体配比时聚合反应初期共聚组成，用斜截法计算其竞聚率分别为r1=0，r2=0．5和r1=0，r2=0．39．     

高岭石矿物表面化学的量子化学研究

用量子化学的理论和计算方法，研究高岭石表面的化学状态、表面化学活性位置及其成键特征、结果表明，高岭石分子簇的最高占据轨道基本上是由上、下表面的一些氧原子组成的，且具有较高的能态，说明这些位置具有较高的化学活性，易于与获得电子能力较强的物质形成化学键。而其最低空轨道则主要由硅、铝和少量的侧面O原子组成．相对而言，能级较低，易于与提供电子的体系作用，其化学反应活性较大。因此，当高岭石与带负电荷的离子或离子基团作用时，可能在侧面的位置形成表面化合物。Al和Si都是组成LUMO分子轨道的主要成分，但Al原子的化学活性要大于Si原子，因此，当高岭石表面与提供电子的体系发生化学作用时，最可能的位置应该是八面体的Al原子。     

固溶异离子对高贝利特水泥性能的影响

通过XRD、NMR等分析，研究了BaSO4固溶于C2S中引起的晶体结构变化。分析表明，BaSO4的固溶使得C2S晶面间距加?B4螅闻湮还叵档玫礁谋洌褰峁贡涞檬杷伞aSO4在C2S中固溶时，Ba^ 2主要取代Ca^2 ，S6^ 主要取代Si^4 ，其极限固溶量以BaO和SO3计分别为6．2％和2．8％。BaSO4对高贝利特水泥熟料的煅烧起到促进作用，在T=1350℃时，高贝利特水泥熟料可以完全烧成，达到低温煅烧的目的。试验得出，通过变换BaSO4的掺量，BaSO4掺入对高贝利特水泥强度发展有很大促进作用，其掺入量(质量分数)在2％～3％时为最佳掺量，过高的BaSO4掺量使高贝利特水泥强度略有下降趋势。     

纳米TiO2光触媒薄膜的制备及改性研究进展

根据近年来光催化技术的研究成果,从3个方面综述了纳米TiO2薄膜光触媒薄膜的研究进展:制备工艺、影响TiO2薄膜光催化活性的因素和改善其光催化效率的方法.最后,对目前TiO2光触媒研究中存在的主要问题和发展前景进行了简要评述和展望.     

Exploration of Reactivity of Eu(TTA)2(phen)(MA)

The reactivity of Eu(TTA)2(phen)(MA) (HTTA=2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone, MA=maleic anhydride) was studied. A series of products were prepared by direct polymerization, suspension polymerization, and alternate suspension and solution copolymerization with the styrene. And then we reactivity of these products were studied. The complexes were investigated and characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and fluorescence spectrophotometer. Although high polymerization degree is not found in the exploration of reactivity, it is found that the fluorescent intensity of complexes prepared by suspension polymerization increases significantly compared with the original particles, which is five times higher than that of the pure rare earth complex.     

叶酸辅酶模型化合物的比较

对一类叶酸辅酶模型化合物－－不对称取代咪唑啉盐的结构从理论上进行了比较研究，分析了模型化合物的反应活性与电子结构的关系，发现该类模型转移一碳单元的行为与被转移碳原子所连的两个氮原子的性质密切相关。随着模型化合物中苯磺酰基对位上取代基给电子能力的增加，咪唑啉五元环上两个氮原子的性质逐渐接近，它们的差别越来越小，模型转移一碳单元的反应活性也逐渐增加。